The Necessary Evil of Sutlery
“ASutler or Suttler” in an 18th century military context has become amore common impression for many reenactors as of late. I surmise, which is true in my case, thedecision to start representing a Sutler has grown out of the realization that Ican no longer do a proper military impression be it my age or otherinfirmities. However, this does not meanwe want to move away from the “progressive” movement or would in any way, Nothold our new impression up to the rigorous standards set forth by numerousorganizations. So, what is one to do? Well if you are fortunate like I am and the military unit you belong to hasa civilian or “camp follower” branch you are in luck. The only thing now is how to justify yourpresence either in or very near a military camp. This has a bit of a gender componentinvolved. If you portray a woman incontext you can more easily attach yourself in a variety of roles, but as amale the opportunities are a bit narrower. That’s where the Sutler can fill the void. Let me say women were often Sutlers and its nota male only impression, just that it is an area I take keen interest in. Whether it be a “petit sutler” or a “Grandsutler” the ability to portray a civilian who has reason and purpose to beinside or near a military camp has sparked new interest in the topic ofSutlers’ and Suttling.
In this piece I will give my personal opinions and assumptions based on the research, share what I have found in my research, and include some research by others on the topic. This is in NO WAY an all-inclusive guide or definitive work on the subject. However, it is a start to guide others or just make them better informed so in turn they can better inform the public we interact with.
Theterm “Sutler” finds its origin in the late 16th century Dutchlanguage Soetelen – Soeteler meaning “one who does dirty work, a drudge, lowwork”. As an English noun the worddescribes a civilian provisioner to an army or post often with a shop on thepost.
Johnson, Samuel “A Dictionary of the English Language” London, 1755
SUTLER: N,f. (soetler, Dutch; sudler, German): A man that sells provisions and liquor in Camp. PUBLICAN: A man that keeps a House of General Entertainment.
Oneof the first popular uses may have been in 1599, in Shakespeare's HenryV.
“For I shall sutler be / Unto the camp, and profits will accrue” - Pistol
Sutlers were a “necessaryevil” to the armies of the 18th centuries, many if not all personswho chose this profession were looking to make a profit. The age-old idea of supply and demand playedwell in the military campaigns of the century. Although the military and/or government would supply the men with thenecessities of life they were far from all that was needed to sustain life oncampaign, or in garrison. So enters thesutler and with them enter the rules to govern these convenient stores of the18th century military.
Consultation of An Essay on Castrametationby Lewis Lochee and A System of Camp-Discipline, Military Honours,Garrison-Duty, and other Regulations for the Land Forces. Collected by aGentleman of the Army, gave some very specific rules and regulations regardingthe practice. Instruction for Sutlersand location of Sutlers’ tents within an encampment are the primary focus ofmuch of the text and illustrations. An additional source for the regulation ofSutlers’ and Petit Sutlers’ for the period comes from Bland’s Treatise onMilitary Discipline. Whereinstructions are given for the layout of a proper camp including a location forthe “Grand Sutler” tent, just beyond the tents of the Batman and lying beforethe camp kitchens, and beyond the kitchens the area designated for the PetitSutlers.
From: An Essay on Castrametation by Lewis Lochee
Because I began my reenacting journey in the period of the French andIndian War, I have a strong interest in that period so naturally I began myresearch there. For a deeper look togain some context as to what the Sutler did, I chose my starting point to bethe earliest primary resource in my personal library, The Papers of HenryBouquet, Vol. II, The Forbes Expedition. Herein is just a small part of what I found.
Ina letter written from Bouquet to Forbes from Carlisle 7th June 1758describing the preparations for the upcoming campaign Bouquet writes
“The number of merchants asking to follow the army makes me think that if you offer some encouragement, you could engage workmen of useful trades, such as tailors, saddlers, gunsmiths, wheelwrights, blacksmiths, etc., to come with the army without wages and of their own accord. This would be very helpful in the woods and would save paying those people.”
Althoughthe specific term “Sutler” is not used in this example, I make the inferencethat “merchants” would include those who wish to ply the trade of Sutler to thearmy as the source of the primary requests. So much so that Bouquet thinks that offering up the opportunity to makea profit will entice others “of useful trades” to come along and save thegovernment the expense of paying for such services.
Thenext mention of Sutlers is in a letter from Bouquet to Forbes again, this timefrom Reas Town Camp, 8th August 1758. While giving his report to Forbes, Bouquetwrites:
“Yesterday I had word that three sutlers’ wagons which were going from Juniata to Fort Littleton without escort, were attacked beyond Sideling Hill by nine Indians who scalped two wagoners and took two prisoners… On hearing of the first, I sent out a party of thirteen Indians and seven volunteers to cut them off by an ambush on the Frankstown road.”
There is a lot that can belearned in this entry, first the wagons are describes as “sutlers’ wagons”which makes them civilian and not military property. Also, he notes that they were “withoutescort” making it seem a private venture, perhaps an escort would have cost thesutler and they decided it was an un-necessary expense. Something they will think of next time,provided the sutler themselves were not among the scalped or captured? We can also assume that the two posts“Juniata” and “Fort Littleton” had sutlers selling necessities to the army evenif only in passing through. Lastly, thefact Bouquet sends out a party to ambush the raiders leads me to believe thatthe sutlers were important enough to risk military forces, of course it wouldhave not been unusual for a response party to be sent out on the information araid had occurred if only to reconnoiter.
Forthe largest and most extensive piece of primary documentation I have found thusfar is the entry on 10th August, 1758 titled “RATES AND PRICES ATRAYSTOWN”.
Thecorresponding orders to produce the list I believe are found in this entry intothe Orderly Book:
8th of August, 1758:
“As it is necessary to settle the Prices of the Sutlers Goods the Commanding Officer of each Battalion or Brigade Major Shippen & Capt Young, are desired to meet at Col Burd’s Tent at 1o’Clock, who are to allow them a reasonable profit according to the different Distances for Rays Town, over the Hills & upon the Ohio – and to make their Report to the Commanding Officer.”
Tothis date using the list described as a guide, I have been able to acquireactual or a “representation” of almost all the goods listed. When I refer to a representation, I may nothave the actual quantity given in the list so I have settled for an examplei.e. “Madeira Wine” using a period wine bottle even though the quantities arelisted in gallon measurements leading me to believe they were probablydelivered in casks. I have also found some interesting items on this list thattook a little research to determine what they are. A “Vidonia” is a Dry White Wine, from theCanary Islands. Its placement on thelist gives it away as some type of wine. “Mim” I am not 1oo percent on this one, it could be a type of mixeddrink? “Tamarinds” from the tamarind tree are a pod-like fruit thatis used in cuisines around the world. Ifyou like WorcestershireSauce and HP Sauce, this fruit is found ineach. And lastly, “Gammons” are a side of bacon or the lower end of a side ofbacon.
Whilethis list is a great resource and gives idea as to what was available in 1758on the Pennsylvania/Ohio Frontier, a real gem of information is to be found inthe margin of page two. The following instructions are given:
“All Sutlers to provide Dinner & Suppers for the Officers of the Corps to which they belong, they giving in their Rations & paying 6d pr day for Cooking also Paying for what Liquors they drink.”
Thisis one of the first primary source documents to my knowledge that mentions whata sutler was doing other than the obvious selling of wares. Armed with this piece of information those ofus who search for more and more relevance for being with an army can state that(at least in 1758) sutlers were also responsible for cooking the rations of theOfficers at a rate of 6 pence per day and the said Officers were instructed topay for what they drank. This in turncan lead to many interpretive opportunities for the public; cooking,interacting with officers, serving, both food and beverages. From a vignette standpoint there can becomplaints about unpaid bills, the exchange about the quality of the food, theinteractions between officer class and either enlisted or other civilians etc.
Anotherinstance the next year in May 1759, Bouquet writes to George Stevenson, theprothonotary of York County that as it might be worthwhile to advertise
“to encourage People to carry at their own Venture several necessarys to the Army, I beg you would let me Know what Prices you think should be offered at Bedford, Ligonier, and Pittsburgh” for flour, oats, Indian corn, rye, whiskey, pork, cattle, sheep, and hogs.”
He continued that sales in camp of small items such as;
“Butter, cheese, Fowls, Fruit Vinegar Wine &c” were welcome, “but no Spirit except for the King’s Stores.”
Thenext text consulted is the Colonel Henry Bouquet Orderly Book, 17 June –15 September, 1758. The first entrydeals with military rules and regulations. On 22nd June 1758, Camp at Juniata:
“If any Suttlers, Agents of Provisions, or others have Persons to send to the Settlement, They must not leave the Camp without a Pass from the Commanding Officer-"
Onthe 24 of June orders issued from the Camp at Reas Town the Standing Ordersduring the Campaign-
“1st All Horses belonging to the Officers, Waggoners, the Train of Artillery, Sutlers, or any other Person whatsoever to be sent with the Cattle to the Pasture every morning at Revallee Beating…”
Onthe 3rd of July, from the Camp at Reas Town the order was issuedthat:
“All the Dearskins that are Actually or shall be brought into Camp are to be Delivered to the Artillery Store as soon as they are dried & stretch’d, as they are wanted to make Mockessons for the Men that go on Party’s…no Sutler or any Person whatsoever is permitted to buy any –"
Thetopic of alcohol has only been mentioned briefly up to now in this primarysource. Alcohol is a primary commoditythat Sutlers are selling and we will look specifically at that subject at thispoint. Interestingly on the 18thJuly, and again from Raes Town the order of the day begins with an order aboutthe purchase of Rum.
“No Soldier shall buy any Rum from the Suttlers without an Order in Writing from the Officer Commanding the Company, and Quantity never to exceed more than a Jill Pr Day for one Man.”
OnAugust 10th we find a Sutler being charged and brought to Courtmartial:
“A Court martial of the Line tomorrow Morning at 9 oClock to try a Suttler for selling Liquors without proper orders. – Ens. Gradon to Prosecute him.”
“26th August 1758 Camp at Rays Town
The Liquors and Goods bought from the Suttlers are to be paid at the rates fixed by the Committee of which each Corps is to take a Copy from the Brigade Major.”
Herewe have suspect evidence of some unscrupulous behaviors of the Sutlers, perhapscharging more for goods than what has been set. This example is a good one to discuss with the public about theregulation of free trade, and could be some of the seeds of rebellion? The Sutlers are looking for profit and perhapsnone were members of the “committee” that fixed the prices? They are under military regulation in orderto have access to the army, but this oversight may at times seem restrictive totheir business. The Suters are also anecessary component to having an army in the field, they supply many of theitems the army could not provide, and some items they (the army) wished theydid not. Again, on the 29th of August things have become worse andnow there is an issue with giving Liquor to the Indians, as noted with theextensive entry into the Orderly Book:
“Notwithstanding the several Orders against giving Spirituous Liquors to the Indians, many of them were drunk yesterday; The Commanding officer thinks it proper to repeat General Forbes Orders respecting it vizt .”
Oneparticular Sutler worth mentioning is Samuel Blodget, of note not so much forhis “suttling” skills but where he was and was able to do because he was aSutler serving for General Johnson’sforce on the Lake George. His famearises due to the fact he viewed the Battle of Lake George personally then drewand published The First American Battle Plan A map of the 1755 Battle ofLake George in New York, fought between the French and Native American(Iroquois) forces under the command of General Ludwig August von Dieskau, andthe British and provincial troops under Sir William Johnson. The highlydetailed pictorial view and map, depicting the “First Engagement” and the“Second Engagement”, was published barely three months after the battle, andlater re-engraved and published by Thomas Jefferys in 1756 in London. Samuel was in the Louisburg campaign of1745; was Sutler in Crown Point expedition in 1775; in 2nd expedition to CrownPoint 1757; Sutler at Ft. William Henry when Gen. Webb withdrew his troops. In1758 he rejoined the army; there as quartermaster as late as Oct. 1758.
Name: Blodgett, Samuel (1724-1807)
Title: Sutler, Crown Point Expedition
Sutler, Fort William Henry
Quartermaster, British Army
Collector of Excise, New Hampshire, 1770
Judge, Inferior Court of Common Pleas
Surveyor, Colony of New Hampshire, 1772
Member, New Hampshire Legislature, 1778
Selectman, Town of Goffstown, 1781
Presentedhere is just a small sampling of what is available for the period of the 7Years War or French and Indian War and there is much more to be discovered. The next instalment of this post will includesome observations and research pertaining to Sutlers in the period of theAmerican War for Independence.
BRANDYN CHARLTON
Brandyn is a father of three Cora, Clare and Liam, he and his wife Danielle reside in Northumberland Pennsylvania on the Susquehanna River. He has a Bachelor’s degree from Ohio University and a Master’s degree from Edinboro University of PA. He has been a Certified Athletic Trainer for the past 23 years. He currently works in the occupational/industrial setting providing ergonomic services to clients in the Harrisburg area. Beginning in 2020 he will bring his sutler impression to the 17th Regiment of Infantry in America as a member and follower of the Regiment.